The European Union (EU) originated from post-World War II reconciliation efforts, aiming to prevent conflict and foster economic cooperation in Western Europe. Officially established in 1993 through the Maastricht Treaty, the EU has since pursued a consistent enlargement policy, particularly towards Central and Eastern Europe. Over the past decade, Croatia became the most recent member in 2013, while eight other countries–including Albania, Moldova, Ukraine, and Serbia–currently hold official candidate status for accession.
EU enlargement has gained renewed significance amid ongoing geopolitical tensions, most notably the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which underscores the need for regional solidarity and security. A stronger EU also serves as a counterbalance to the political and military influence of the United States, while enhancing its economic leverage in the face of growing Chinese economic engagement. As the Union expands, it increases its collective bargaining power in global negotiations and helps safeguard regional stability.
Nevertheless, accession to the EU remains a formidable challenge, as candidate countries must meet the stringent Copenhagen Criteria, which require stable democratic institutions, a functioning market economy, and alignment with EU policies. Looking ahead, policy integration will become increasingly complex due to divergent political interests–such as the continued influence of Russia in some candidate countries–and the rising trend of prioritizing national interests over regional integration, as evidenced by Brexit and the rise of right-wing populism. These dynamics render the future trajectory of EU enlargement and integration increasingly intricate.
(ZM)
